{"id":9903,"date":"2021-06-24T09:00:44","date_gmt":"2021-06-24T09:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lafayettepark.org\/staging_5\/?p=9903"},"modified":"2021-09-07T00:33:26","modified_gmt":"2021-09-07T00:33:26","slug":"spineless-samurai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lafayettepark.org\/staging_5\/spineless-samurai\/","title":{"rendered":"SPINELESS SAMURAI"},"content":{"rendered":"

BY\u00a0KIERAN LINDSEY, PhD<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

When the annual cicadas emerge each summer their tymbals vibrate at arboreal drumming circles all over town.\u00a0 The beats bounce and reverberate against hard city surfaces; during a crescendo, I swear I can feel the buildings and sidewalks pulsing like wings, like a heart. Yet, despite the percussive nature of this invertebrate orchestra, to my ears the\u00a0cicada\u2019s summer\u00a0song evokes the\u00a0koky\u016b<\/em>\u2014a traditional Japanese string instrument played with a bow.<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

This may be due to the fact that I imagine cicadas as miniature ronin<\/em>, masterless six-legged samurai<\/em>, stoic and single-minded, clad in intricately constructed armor of lacquered plates and scales. Of course, several beetle species call to mind this 12th<\/sup>-century warrior class, and I\u2019m not the only one to see the resemblance. Rhinoceros beetles (Allomyrina\u00a0dichotomy<\/em>), for example, are known in Japan as a kabutomushi<\/em> \u2014mushi<\/em>, the Japanese word for insect, and kabuto<\/em>, which refers to the helmet worn by samurai (and the inspiration for Darth Vader\u2019s visage).<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

I don\u2019t know if it\u2019s an example of the sincerest form of flattery or an unconscious imitation, but biomimicry\u2014biological features or processes used as inspiration for beneficial products and practices\u2014 is an old technique that\u2019s experiencing resurgence. Humans have long taken cues from the successful strategies of other animals. Indigenous cultures incorporated the characteristics of nonhuman animals into hunting tactics and rituals; composers have used all manner of musical instruments to simulate birdcalls and other nature sounds; superheroes like Spider-Man and Batman are pretty shameless about co-opting the special powers of their totem animals.<\/h4>\n

Then there\u2019s warcraft. It\u2019s hard to miss the resemblance between certain insects and the body armor worn by human warriors. From my perspective, there\u2019s a natural synergy between invertebrates, who need a rigid\u00a0external\u00a0sheath for support and protection due to the absence of an internal skeleton, and Homo sapiens<\/em>, who need prosthetic exoskeletons to protect our vulnerable bodies from the increasingly deadly technology imagined and fashioned by members of our own species\u2014first flint arrowheads, then copper maces, bronze spears and daggers, iron javelins and swords, cannons and shrapnel, steel rifles and handguns, and eventually weapons that make any kind of armor irrelevant.<\/h4>\n

Chemical warfare is common in the insect world, and humans have readily adopted the same strategy against both macroscopic and microscopic opponents. In human enterprises, poisons do generally deliver short-term success; however, the initial win is usually followed by long-term health and environmental losses. This is particularly true when chemistry is used against presumed enemies with high reproduction rates\u2026 for example, insects and bacteria.<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

In most biological populations, there will usually be at least a few members strong or lucky enough to survive the application of toxins. Those individuals become the progenitors of the next generation, passing along their protective genetic code and, over time, rendering the chemical weaponry powerless. That\u2019s how natural selection produces organisms well suited to their environment, and that\u2019s why chemical deterrents always have a limited shelf life\u2026 against insects and bacteria, anyway. Less than 150 years after the introduction of antibiotics, hospitals and medical personnel are fighting resistant bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> (MRSA) and multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/em> (MDR-TB), and attempting to do so with a limited\u00a0alternate arsenal.<\/h4>\n

As a result,\u00a0biomimicry is shrinking to nano-scale. Researchers are investigating new ways to protect human bodies from bacterial enemies, and certain insects have proven to be adept at mechanical antibacterial warfare. Think samurai on a microbial level.<\/h4>\n

In 2013, a team of researchers from Australia and Spain\u00a0<\/a>discovered that evolution has armed the clanger cicada<\/a> (Psaltoda claripennis<\/em>) with an elegantly simple defense against infection worthy of a kendo master. Clanger wings are covered with nano-pillars\u2014aka tiny spikes.<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Initially, it was assumed this pointed texture worked like a bed of nails\u2014a hapless bacterium lands on the wing, stretching and sagging into the crevices between the spikes, and as gravity does its thing the pathogen\u2019s skin tears, rendering it incapable of reproduction.\u00a0Earlier this year, though, a group of Australian and Nigerian researchers<\/a> proposed that truth is, once again, stranger than fiction\u2026 or at least as inventive as a movie villain.<\/h4>\n

Bacteria adhere to surfaces and each other by secreting finger-like structures called extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). These natural polymers allow the organisms to form biofilms on plant roots and fruit, fish and boat hulls, teeth and gums, plumbing pipes and medical catheters, even hot alkaline spring waters and glaciers\u2014in other words, nearly any surface we know of except a nano-textured insect wing.<\/h4>\n

If the bacteria on a clanger cicada wing would stay put, they would likely deform but survive. If they move, though, those pillars subject the EPS to shear forces, ripping the external membrane and causing the bacteria to deflate like a balloon due to fatal leakage of the cell\u2019s contents.<\/h4>\n

Regardless of how these nano-textured surfaces (NTS) kill, their potential as models for developing chemical-free, non-toxic antibacterial materials is undeniably exciting. \u00a0One of the first proposed products to utilize NTS was a coating that could be applied to countertops, doorknobs, railings, bus straps, subway poles, sinks, commodes, and even money. An Australian manufacturer of medical implants has acquired the patent, seeing potential for using this technology to reduce the chance of post-surgical infection. Since the killing mechanism is mechanical, devices coated with nano-textures could bypass the clinical approval processes required for chemical treatments, reducing the time and cost to bring these products to market.<\/h4>\n

Additional research has revealed that clanger cicadas aren\u2019t the only winged insects armed with antibacterial nano-patterns, nor are they the most efficient. \u00a0The cicada\u2019s NTS only kills gram-negative bacteria, but the wings of a fiery skimmer dragonfly (Orthetrum villosovittatum<\/em>) have an NTS that is equally effective at killing both gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens.<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The nano-scale needles formed by black silicon have been tested in the lab and appear to have antibacterial properties similar to those of dragonfly wings. However, scientists aren\u2019t yet sure why nano-patterned wings provides such a powerful defense, or how to replicate it for commercial use. That should come as no surprise given the nature of warfare, on any scale. It\u2019s the Way of the Sword, and a samurai never reveals all of his secrets.<\/h4>\n

Every summer, people complain about cicadas but if insect wing nano-pillars become the next penicillin they may change their tune. Personally, I find the droning soundtrack soothing. I like knowing that, aided by sodium-yellow streetlights, spineless samurai are keeping watching through the night. Their koky\u016b <\/em>lullaby floats past the gingko tree leaves, slips through my window screen, and into my dreams.<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n
\n

\u00a9\u00a02018 Next-Door Nature. First published at the Center for Humans and Nature\u2019s City Creatures<\/span><\/a> blog.\u00a0 Reprints welcomed with written permission from the author. Thanks to the following photographers who made their work available through the Creative Commons license: Miki Jourdan<\/span><\/a>, Boaz Ng<\/span><\/a>, Walters Art Museum<\/span><\/a>, Mark Moschell<\/span><\/a>, NFG photo<\/span><\/a>, Mike Bitzenhofer<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0Paul Balfe<\/span><\/a>, and tami abigador pearson<\/span><\/a>.<\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BY\u00a0KIERAN LINDSEY, PhD When the annual cicadas emerge each summer their tymbals vibrate at arboreal drumming circles all over town.\u00a0 The beats bounce and reverberate against hard city surfaces; during […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":9905,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"

BY KIERAN LINDSEY, PhD<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, we\u2019re twenty years into the Information Age so I\u2019m pretty sure everyone in this courtroom knows that, to quote a famous New Yorker <\/em>cartoon, \u201cOn the Internet, nobody knows you\u2019re a dog.\u201d The anonymity baked into the the interwebs means we\u2019re all free to be whatever, or whomever, we want to virtually be\u2026 even if we want to be someone else.<\/h4>\n

Identity theft may seem like a new and viral meme, but I assure you, creating a counterfeit profile is a prehistoric trope. It\u2019s older than Dick Whitman snagging Don Draper\u2019s dog tag in Mad Men (2007).  Older than Mrs. Doubtfire\u2019s dad-turned-nanny (1993). Older than the King of Ruritania\u2019s body-double in The Prisoner of Zenda (1894). Older, even, than the sibling-switch of Esau and Jacob in the Book of Genesis (6th century BC).<\/h4>\n

No, we need to travel even further back in time\u2014way, way back\u2014to the Pennsylvanian epoch over 300 million years ago, and what must surely be the first, the most diabolically devious, the most indelible stolen guise in the entire history of Planet Earth.<\/h4>\n

I intend to demonstrate, beyond any doubt (reasonable or otherwise), that the defendant\u2014Armadillidium vulgare<\/em>, aka \u201cpillbug\u201d\u2014is an imposter!<\/h4>\n
\"\"You already know he\u2019s a shape-shifter. Thanks to a body composed of overlapping plates he\u2019s a skilled conglobator\u2014transforming at a moment\u2019s notice from a scurrying, nearly two-dimensional, thumbnail-sized oval into an almost perfectly symmetrical 3D sphere. This is no parlor game, folks.  Crumpling to the size of a baby aspirin is a prescription for prevention of detection by those who would expose his true nature. (It also limits dehydration, but I digress).<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Don\u2019t be fooled by this roly-poly fellow\u2019s non-threatening demeanor and diminutive stature. His rap sheet is a phone directory\u2019s worth of aliases: pillbug, wood bug, pea bug, potato bug, and doodlebug, to name only a few\u2026 but he is NOT a bug.<\/div>\n

That\u2019s right, this armored charlatan may claim to be kin to bedbugs, ladybugs, mealybugs, spittle bugs, stinkbugs, and other insects whose identities he has appropriated, but take a closer look and even without a DNA analysis the evidence is indisputable.<\/h4>\n

Exhibit #1:<\/strong>  Insects have a single pair of antennae. If the defendant would untuck enough to show his face to members of the jury, you would see that he has not one, but TWO pair of antennae.<\/h4>\n

Exhibit #2:<\/strong>  Insects have 3 pairs of jointed legs, clustered on the thorax. The defendant has 7 pairs of jointed legs\u2014one pair for each of the 7 segments that constitute his torso. But don\u2019t take my word for it\u2014count them yourselves.<\/h4>\n

\"\"Exhibit #3:<\/strong> As adults, insects breathe using a system of apertures and tubes called spiracles and tracheae, respectively. The defendant\u2014who, while not aquatic is clearly in some legal hot water here\u2014breathes using gill-like structures.<\/h4>\n

Exhibit #4: <\/strong> True bugs have piercing and sucking mouth-parts that place them in an insect league of their own. The defendant has no such anatomical features.  Just look\u2014he\u2019s not even able to use a straw!<\/h4>\n

Exhibit  #5:<\/strong>  Speaking of drinking\u2026 insect have a waxy, water-resistant epicuticle that deters desiccation. The defendant does not, which leads me to wonder if his repeated requests for a glass of water are due to the dry air in this courtroom, or a case of nerves born of a guilty conscience?<\/h4>\n

Exhibit #6:<\/strong> No courtroom drama would be complete without a reference to sex so let\u2019s talk about reproduction. Insects employ a diverse set of parenting strategies, including: oviparity<\/em> (eggs are deposited and develop outside the female\u2019s body); ovoviparity<\/em> (eggs develop inside the female\u2019s body and hatch immediately after being laid); and even viviparity<\/em> (young gestate inside the female and are born, not hatched). But the one strategy insects do NOT use is the marsupium<\/em>. That\u2019s right, a pouch tucked under the thorax in which newly hatched young develop until they are old enough to venture out into the world on their own\u2026 a pouch just like the one you would find on the defendant\u2019s own mother!<\/h4>\n

Members of the jury, the facts speak for themselves. The phony before you is not a bug. He has far more in common with a shrimp, a crab, or a lobster than any insect. Literally. Because this common pillbug is, in reality\u2026<\/h4>\n

\u2026a terrestrial CRUSTACEAN!!<\/em><\/h4>\n

[Audible gasps from the courtroom audience]<\/em><\/h4>\n

Your Honor, the prosecution rests.<\/h4>\n
\"\"<\/div>\n\n
\n\n

\u00a9 2010 <\/em>Next-Door Nature. 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