{"id":1918,"date":"2019-10-23T12:00:53","date_gmt":"2019-10-23T12:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lafayettepark.org\/staging_5\/?p=1918"},"modified":"2021-10-31T17:03:00","modified_gmt":"2021-10-31T17:03:00","slug":"british-invasion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lafayettepark.org\/staging_5\/british-invasion\/","title":{"rendered":"BRITISH INVASION"},"content":{"rendered":"
BY\u00a0KIERAN LINDSEY, PhD<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/h5>\n
It seems to happen once each century. In 1775 the Redcoats showed up in Boston, the Beatles made a big splash about 200 years later in\u00a01964, and in the sweet-spot in-between the House Sparrows (Passer domestics<\/i>) arrived.<\/h5>\n
\"\"It\u2019s difficult to believe, given current controversies and political grandstanding, but for a long time America had a very open-door immigration policy that allowed almost anyone\u2014human and non-human\u2014hassle-free entry. For example, no one batted an eye when my paternal ancestors washed up here after being kicked out of Scotland during the Highland Clearance to make room for sheep\u2026 but I digress. In the 1850s, when Brooklyn Institute Director Nicholas Pike purchased 8 pairs of house sparrows from England he didn\u2019t have to sneak the birds past a Customs agent\u2014the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) hadn\u2019t been created yet and wouldn\u2019t be for over 100 years. Nor did Pike need\u00a0permission from the New York Department of Environmental Conservation to release the birds. It didn\u2019t exist.<\/h5>\n
Introducing these Old World sparrows to North America was not done on a whim. Some sources suggest the birds were imported to control a serious canker-worm (Alsophila pometaria<\/i> or Paleacrita vernata<\/i>) infestation threatening New York City’s trees\u2014a somewhat misguided notion since house sparrows are granivores<\/i> (seed-eaters), not insectivores,\u00a0<\/i>although they do feed insects to their nestlings. \u00a0Pike reportedly paid $200 for the pairs\u2019 passage across the Atlantic, which may not sound like much but according to one relative-value calculator it’s equivalent to\u00a0$5,000 today.<\/h5>\n
Like many immigrants before them those first settlers didn’t do all that well in their new home. Not dissuaded, Pike purchased another 25 pairs the following year and released them along the East River. This cohort proved hardier, or perhaps more adaptable.\u00a0Another 100 pairs were ordered in 1853 and released at the Greenwood Cemetery, Central Park, Union Square Park, and Madison Square Park.\u00a0Americans have a history of Anglophilia so it should come as no surprise that soon\u00a0the former colonies were all a-twitter about these chatty, cheerfully social birds.<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/h5>\n
House sparrows aren\u2019t closely related to native North American sparrows and you can see it in their physique\u2014they\u2019re a bit heavier, with a deeper chest, a more rounded head, shorter tail, and a less delicate bill.\u00a0Six inches (15 cm) long from beak to tail-tip, and weighing in at about 1.4 oz (40 g), the male house sparrow cuts a dashing but not flashy figure; he\u2019s British, don\u2019t forget, and all business. Bright blues, greens, and yellows are not his cup of tea; rather, he wears a neutral palette of black, gray, and chestnut, with a touch of white to sharpen up the entire ensemble. Female fashion preferences are appropriately tweedy: tawny-brown with darker striping on top, oatmeal-tan or gray below. More Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson than David Bowie and Amy Winehouse, nonetheless, house sparrows were a trending novelty that went viral.<\/h5>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Entrepreneurs recognized a market opportunity and became breeders. \u00a0Citizens in Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania all followed Pike\u2019s lead, and by 1870 this pioneering species had spread south to Texas, north to Montreal, and past the Mississippi River to Iowa. A West Coast population was established with releases in California (1871-1872) and Utah (1873-1874), and in the subsequent decade house sparrows expanded their range from less than 1,200 mi2<\/sup> to over 500,000 mi2<\/sup>. By the turn of the 20th century the space between eastern and western fronts had nearly filled.<\/h5>\n
\n
Why have house sparrows thrived while other species\u2014including some natives\u2014have failed? Here are the keys to making it in America:<\/h5>\n
\"\"Get lucky<\/u>.<\/strong> \u00a0House sparrows couldn’t\u00a0have wished for better timing\u00a0to facilitate their successful acclimation. Steam and internal combustion engines were coming on strong but horses and cattle were still the primary means of facilitated transportation. Working herbivores need more calories than grass and hay alone can provide so\u00a0corn, barley, oats, wheat, and rice are common additions to the diet. Hoof-stock \u201cexhaust\u201d has a fair amount of undigested \u201cfuel\u201d and resilient city sparrows weren\u2019t picky about where they got their vittles. Additionally, urbanites\u00a0raised livestock and poultry and\u00a0a small bird could easily slip in and out of pens and stables to pinch a bite or two. Enterprising sparrows even hitched rides on those new-fangled locomotives and their boxcars filled with grain.<\/h5>\n
Grow up fast, breed early and often<\/u>.<\/strong> \u00a0House sparrows eggs hatch after 10-16 days of incubation, nestlings fledge at 14-15 days old, are independent 7-10 days later. One study suggests they may reach sexual maturity as early as 4 months of age\u2014time to find a mate and get busy! Females produce 2-5 clutches of 3-7 chicks per breeding season; that\u2019s an average of 20 chicks per season, per breeding pair. Do the math and there\u2019s your answer.<\/h5>\n
Stand up for yourself and your kin<\/u>.<\/strong> \u00a0House sparrows will form loose nesting colonies, are strongly territorial, and will aggressively defend nest sites and feeders. They\u2019ll attack both intruders and potential intruders, and have been known to destroy the eggs and nestlings of competitor species.<\/h5>\n
Be smart, adaptable, and adventurous.<\/u>\u00a0<\/strong> Many bird species follow a strict set of guidelines when it comes to choosing where to raise a family. \u00a0Sparrows, on the other hand,\u00a0 are willing to at least consider nearly any property when\u00a0scouting for real estate. You’ll find them nesting in a wide range of locations\u2014nest boxes and tree cavities, of course, but also signs, architectural features, drain pipes, dryer vents, and anywhere else that offers a large enough entrance. \u00a0When a potential nesting site has been identified\u00a0they’ll\u00a0use\u00a0every means at their disposal to make it work. \u00a0They can even learn how to trip automated door sensors\u00a0to\u00a0access food and shelter from the elements and predators. When young house sparrows are old enough\u00a0to leave the nest they’ll readily disperse 5 miles or more to find new feeding and nesting areas and quickly learn how to claim and exploit available resources.<\/h5>\n
Have friends in high places<\/u>.<\/strong> If you\u2019re a wild thing, having H. sapiens<\/i> on your side is the equivalent of a royal patronage. In the mid-19th century people trapped house sparrows from one place and released them into new territory cleared of predators and outfitted with nesting boxes.\u00a0 That, my friends, is what\u2019s called \u201cchoosing sides.\u201d Is it any wonder house sparrows are now found in all 48 contiguous states and Hawaii\u2019i (where they were introduced from New Zealand in 1871)? The kindness of human strangers has also allowed P. domesticus<\/em> to claim much of Canada, all of\u00a0Central America, most\u00a0of South America, southern Africa, and eastern Australia.<\/h5>\n
\"\"

dark green = natural range light green = introduced range<\/p><\/div>\n

I\u2019m sure you can guess how this story goes, though. It\u2019s been played out countless times in the media\u2014print, broadcast, and social. \u00a0First they love you,\u00a0then they love to hate you.\u00a0 Americans adore a winner but as any reality TV star can attest, get too successful and fans will take equal pleasure in watching, sometimes facilitating, your fall from grace.<\/h5>\n
Even as the house sparrow fad continued to grow, some conservation-minded folk had begun to notice the immigrants were not assimilating as hoped, or following local customs and expectations. Before long, civic leaders had deemed house sparrow nests “unsightly.” Their droppings were blamed for “besmirched” buildings and sidewalks. \u00a0They were tagged as thieves who pilfered valuable grain from honest, hard-working farmers. Worse yet, the foreigners were observed being downright inhospitable to the native avian community, including valuable insect-eaters. The nerve of those ungrateful little upstarts!!<\/h5>\n
\"\"Guides for trapping, shooting, and poisoning the birds were distributed free of charge.\u00a0By 1883, state legislators in Indiana had declared the house sparrow an outlaw who should be killed on sight. Five years later, Illinois and Michigan had established a small bounty on \u201cEnglish\u201d sparrows and children scrambled to exchange dead birds\u00a0for cash to buy candy.<\/h5>\n
Never mind the fact that human development was having at least as great an impact on native bird species as the house sparrow we had intentionally loosed upon the landscape. Forget that the effects of trapping and poisoning are rarely limited to the intended target species. Ignore the lack of conservation legislation that allowed “market hunting\u201d to bring dozens of wild bird populations to the brink of extinction. The public was frightened and angry about the changes in their communities wrought by industrialization and human migration. Scapegoats were needed to pay the piper for society\u2019s sins and transgressions.<\/h5>\n
\"\"Many individual house sparrow\u00a0were killed but despite the all-in\u00a0extermination effort the species continued to\u00a0thrive. While\u00a0no longer hunted for bounties in the US., the bad PR stuck like glue\u2014to this day they\u00a0are generally resented or reviled. Unlike migratory species house sparrows are not protected in the U.S. and, in fact, the population has declined somewhat.<\/h5>\n
\n
Following the\u00a0tried and true media script, the house sparrow is experiencing\u00a0a rebound in popularity, at least in its native range. This is due to precipitous population declines in England, where this native species has\u00a0been \u201cred-listed,” Europe, Scandinavia, and India. The problem seems to be a lack of available food for their young\u2014nestlings need\u00a0the higher level of protein\u00a0insects provide, only later changing to a grain-based diet. As Rachel Carson pointed out decades ago, our pesticide arms race takes\u00a0a toll on many of the creatures we enjoy having around. Over the past 10-15 years, “Save Sparrows” campaigns have encouraged home-owners to decrease or eliminate insecticide use, choosing\u00a0insect-attracting plants, and intentionally increasing nesting sites.<\/h5>\n
I’ve yet to see anything in the scientific literature\u00a0proposing North American as a possible source of imported house sparrows to repopulate their original range but there’s a nice full-circle appeal to that storyline. \u00a0Maybe\u00a0you can go home again.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Learn more about the birds who call Lafayette Park home<\/a>!<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n
\u00a9<\/strong>\u00a02015 Next-Door Nature\u2014no reprints without written permission from the author (I\u2019d love for you to share my work\u00a0 but\u00a0please\u00a0ask). Thanks to these photographers for making their work available through a Creative Commons license (CCL) or Project Guttenberg License (PGL) (from top to bottom): Martha de Jong-Lantink<\/a>; Harper & Brothers<\/a>; Eric B\u00e9gin<\/a>; JanetandPhil<\/a>; gingiber<\/a>; Cactus26<\/a>; Albert F. Siepert<\/a>.<\/em><\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BY\u00a0KIERAN LINDSEY, PhD It seems to happen once each century. 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