{"id":10122,"date":"2021-09-30T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-09-30T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lafayettepark.org\/staging_5\/?p=10122"},"modified":"2021-10-31T15:35:40","modified_gmt":"2021-10-31T15:35:40","slug":"webmasters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lafayettepark.org\/staging_5\/webmasters\/","title":{"rendered":"WEBMASTERS"},"content":{"rendered":"

BY\u00a0KIERAN LINDSEY, PhD<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Enter the term “engineering marvels” into your favorite search engine and you’ll see there’s some debate over the Top 10 but several projects always seem to hit the mark, such as Dubai’s Palm Islands, the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, the Chunnel connecting England and France, the International Space Station, and the Internet.<\/h4>\n

They’re all impressive achievements, I agree. However, these milestones represent the collaboration of hundreds if not thousands, each contributing their expertise or effort, not the work of a single individual. Not to mention, these Best-Of lists all assess the world through an anthropocentric lens \u2014 a perspective that interprets the world in terms of human values, experiences, and accomplishments. That’s a huge oversight, in my opinion.<\/h4>\n

Non-human engineering triumphs aren’t missing from these lists because there’s a shortage of appropriate contenders, I assure you. For example, the American Grass Spiders (Agelenopsis<\/em> spp.) are master architects and engineers, and these able arachnids don’t limit their involvement in a project to concept and design. They’re also the contractor and laborer on every build, working solo to create gossamer webs on lawns, shrubs, and in crevices.<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

But wait \u2014 there’s more!<\/h4>\n

Grass Spiders, and spiders in general, are alchemists. They digest ants, beetles, and caterpillars, convert them into high-tech protein fibers, then extrude these building materials on-site to meet their immediate construction needs. Spiders are the original 3D fabricators, building with renewable, sustainable, Earth-friendly silks instead of concrete!<\/h4>\n

Silks that are stronger than steel, mind you, and I mean that quite literally.<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

A spider silk dragline has a tensile strength<\/em> of about 1.3 GPa,** similar to that of high-grade alloy steel (1.65 GPa). Moreover, spider silks are about one sixth the density of steel, so an ounce is more than four times as strong as a steel sample of the same weight.<\/h4>\n

There are seven different types of spider silk, produced by various glands using organs called spinnerets:<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Strength is only one of the mechanical properties required for a structure to meet spec. Spider silks are quite elastic (i.e. ductile), and in some cases are able to stretch up to five times their relaxed length without snapping.\u00a0 This combination of strength and ductility<\/em> affords spider silks a high degree of toughness<\/em>, the ability to absorb energy (for example, a moth crashing into the web) and deform without breaking, on par with Kevlar and other commercially available polyaramid filaments used in aerospace and military applications.<\/h4>\n

Spider silk draglines have another property that adds to their utility \u2014 when exposed to water they shrink up to 50% in length, a process called supercontraction<\/em>. Rather than sagging with the weight of rain or morning dew, strands of the web automatically tension the structure, keeping it intact and functional.<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Asked to “picture a spider web,” you’ll likely call to mind a stereotypic orb-weaver design. Commonly seen in backyard gardens, Halloween decorations, and illustrations from Charlotte’s Web, <\/em>they’re similar in shape to a wagon wheel, complete with spokes radiating from a central axis anchored to one another with a lattice of cross threads, like so:<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

But spider webs are nearly as diverse as the creatures who create them and, once again, the American Grass Spiders are an excellent example of this. The proof is built right in to some of the alternate common names used to reference this genera \u2014 funnel web spiders or sheet web spiders. Similar in appearance to a super thin layer of cotton batting, their webs aren’t sticky but all 14 species are speedy. Detecting the telltale haptic vibration of an entangled insect, the Grass Spiders sprints out of its funnel shelter at speeds of over 1 ft\/sec\u00a0 to dispatch a hapless grasshopper or stinkbug that lands or wanders onto the horizontal scaffolding.<\/h4>\n

If you need additional evidence that the American Grass Spiders belong on any Who’s Who list of architects, engineers, and builders, consider this… most of these professionals specialize in a particular type of structure, such as skyscrapers, factories, single-family homes. Spiders, in contrast, not only design, source, and construct their residential workplaces, they also use their homespun silks as balloons and hang-gliders, slingshots and snares, for food storage and as infant incubators.<\/h4>\n

That’s quite a web of mastery, wouldn’t you agree?<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

**GPa is short-hand for <\/em>gigapascal. A <\/em>pascal is equal to one newton per square meter. A <\/em>newton is defined as the force which gives a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 meter per second, per second, 1 kg\u22c5m\/s2<\/sup>. \u00a0 A gigapascal is equal to 1 billion pascals.<\/em><\/h4>\n
\n

\u00a9<\/strong> 2021 Next-Door Nature. Reprints welcomed with written permission from the author. Thanks to the following photographers for making their work available through the Creative Commons license: Reneee Grayson<\/a><\/span>,, wikipedia, Kara Jones<\/span><\/a>, Joshua Allen<\/a><\/span>, Douglas Mills<\/span><\/a>, and Tina Vance<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0 Thanks also to Ginger Robinson<\/span><\/a> for granting permission to use her photo of sheet webs.<\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BY\u00a0KIERAN LINDSEY, PhD Enter the term “engineering marvels” into your favorite search engine and you’ll see there’s some debate over the Top 10 but several projects always seem to hit […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":10123,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"

BY KIERAN LINDSEY, PhD<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, we\u2019re twenty years into the Information Age so I\u2019m pretty sure everyone in this courtroom knows that, to quote a famous New Yorker <\/em>cartoon, \u201cOn the Internet, nobody knows you\u2019re a dog.\u201d The anonymity baked into the the interwebs means we\u2019re all free to be whatever, or whomever, we want to virtually be\u2026 even if we want to be someone else.<\/h4>\n

Identity theft may seem like a new and viral meme, but I assure you, creating a counterfeit profile is a prehistoric trope. It\u2019s older than Dick Whitman snagging Don Draper\u2019s dog tag in Mad Men (2007).  Older than Mrs. Doubtfire\u2019s dad-turned-nanny (1993). Older than the King of Ruritania\u2019s body-double in The Prisoner of Zenda (1894). Older, even, than the sibling-switch of Esau and Jacob in the Book of Genesis (6th century BC).<\/h4>\n

No, we need to travel even further back in time\u2014way, way back\u2014to the Pennsylvanian epoch over 300 million years ago, and what must surely be the first, the most diabolically devious, the most indelible stolen guise in the entire history of Planet Earth.<\/h4>\n

I intend to demonstrate, beyond any doubt (reasonable or otherwise), that the defendant\u2014Armadillidium vulgare<\/em>, aka \u201cpillbug\u201d\u2014is an imposter!<\/h4>\n
\"\"You already know he\u2019s a shape-shifter. Thanks to a body composed of overlapping plates he\u2019s a skilled conglobator\u2014transforming at a moment\u2019s notice from a scurrying, nearly two-dimensional, thumbnail-sized oval into an almost perfectly symmetrical 3D sphere. This is no parlor game, folks.  Crumpling to the size of a baby aspirin is a prescription for prevention of detection by those who would expose his true nature. (It also limits dehydration, but I digress).<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Don\u2019t be fooled by this roly-poly fellow\u2019s non-threatening demeanor and diminutive stature. His rap sheet is a phone directory\u2019s worth of aliases: pillbug, wood bug, pea bug, potato bug, and doodlebug, to name only a few\u2026 but he is NOT a bug.<\/div>\n

That\u2019s right, this armored charlatan may claim to be kin to bedbugs, ladybugs, mealybugs, spittle bugs, stinkbugs, and other insects whose identities he has appropriated, but take a closer look and even without a DNA analysis the evidence is indisputable.<\/h4>\n

Exhibit #1:<\/strong>  Insects have a single pair of antennae. If the defendant would untuck enough to show his face to members of the jury, you would see that he has not one, but TWO pair of antennae.<\/h4>\n

Exhibit #2:<\/strong>  Insects have 3 pairs of jointed legs, clustered on the thorax. The defendant has 7 pairs of jointed legs\u2014one pair for each of the 7 segments that constitute his torso. But don\u2019t take my word for it\u2014count them yourselves.<\/h4>\n

\"\"Exhibit #3:<\/strong> As adults, insects breathe using a system of apertures and tubes called spiracles and tracheae, respectively. The defendant\u2014who, while not aquatic is clearly in some legal hot water here\u2014breathes using gill-like structures.<\/h4>\n

Exhibit #4: <\/strong> True bugs have piercing and sucking mouth-parts that place them in an insect league of their own. The defendant has no such anatomical features.  Just look\u2014he\u2019s not even able to use a straw!<\/h4>\n

Exhibit  #5:<\/strong>  Speaking of drinking\u2026 insect have a waxy, water-resistant epicuticle that deters desiccation. The defendant does not, which leads me to wonder if his repeated requests for a glass of water are due to the dry air in this courtroom, or a case of nerves born of a guilty conscience?<\/h4>\n

Exhibit #6:<\/strong> No courtroom drama would be complete without a reference to sex so let\u2019s talk about reproduction. Insects employ a diverse set of parenting strategies, including: oviparity<\/em> (eggs are deposited and develop outside the female\u2019s body); ovoviparity<\/em> (eggs develop inside the female\u2019s body and hatch immediately after being laid); and even viviparity<\/em> (young gestate inside the female and are born, not hatched). But the one strategy insects do NOT use is the marsupium<\/em>. That\u2019s right, a pouch tucked under the thorax in which newly hatched young develop until they are old enough to venture out into the world on their own\u2026 a pouch just like the one you would find on the defendant\u2019s own mother!<\/h4>\n

Members of the jury, the facts speak for themselves. The phony before you is not a bug. He has far more in common with a shrimp, a crab, or a lobster than any insect. Literally. Because this common pillbug is, in reality\u2026<\/h4>\n

\u2026a terrestrial CRUSTACEAN!!<\/em><\/h4>\n

[Audible gasps from the courtroom audience]<\/em><\/h4>\n

Your Honor, the prosecution rests.<\/h4>\n
\"\"<\/div>\n\n
\n\n

\u00a9 2010 <\/em>Next-Door Nature. Thanks to the photographers who granted permission to use their photos, and to those who made their work available through the Creative Commons license: Alan Howell<\/a><\/span>, Andy Purviance<\/a><\/span>, Brian Gratwicke<\/a><\/span>, and Dany Sternfeld<\/a><\/span>.<\/em><\/h4>","_et_gb_content_width":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":0,"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[428,16],"tags":[532,533,534,535,536,59,537,538,18,24,25,64,91,65,23,539,540,41,42,43,294,9,10,31,12,541,542,543,32,14,15,57],"class_list":["post-10122","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-invertebrates","category-wildlife","tag-agelenidae","tag-agelenopsis-emertoni","tag-agelenopsis-naevia","tag-agelenopsis-pennsylvanica","tag-agelenopsis-spp","tag-animal-behavior","tag-arachnids","tag-araneae","tag-backyard-wildlife","tag-behavior","tag-biology","tag-ecology","tag-environment","tag-feeding-strategies","tag-flora-and-fauna","tag-funnel-web-spiders","tag-grass-spiders","tag-hidden-nature","tag-hidden-wilderness","tag-hidden-wildlife","tag-invertebrates","tag-lafayette-park","tag-lafayette-square","tag-natural-history","tag-nature","tag-sheet-web-spiders","tag-spider-webs","tag-spiders","tag-suburban-wildlife","tag-urban-wildlife","tag-watchable-wildlife","tag-wildlife-watching"],"yoast_head":"\nWEBMASTERS - 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