{"id":10028,"date":"2021-09-16T07:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-09-16T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lafayettepark.org\/staging_5\/?p=10028"},"modified":"2021-11-04T11:46:28","modified_gmt":"2021-11-04T11:46:28","slug":"social-network","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lafayettepark.org\/staging_5\/social-network\/","title":{"rendered":"SOCIAL NETWORK"},"content":{"rendered":"

BY\u00a0KIERAN LINDSEY, PhD<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Mark Zuckerberg<\/a><\/span> would not be one of 100 wealthiest and most influential people in the world without the help of wasps. I mean the six-legged kind (whether or not two-legged WASPs should get any of the credit is something for attorneys to discuss and will not be addressed here).<\/h4>\n

It\u2019s a lengthy timeline but easy enough to follow*:<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

There you have it\u2014no social insects, no social primates and, therefore, no need for a social network. When you think about it, Facebook isn\u2019t just an online community. It\u2019s a kind of virtual hive. You and Mark owe more to wasps that you may have ever realized.<\/h4>\n

\"\" Not all wasps are gregarious, mind you. The majority of species, including mud daubers (Sphecidae), pollen wasps (Masarinae) and potter wasps (Eumeninae) are solitary. You know the type\u2026 quiet, poorly developed interpersonal skills,\u00a0keep to themselves, rarely cause much trouble. A lot of them don\u2019t even have stingers and they take the term \u201cwasp-waisted\u201d to extremes. We\u2019ll respect their privacy, at least for now, and come back for a visit some other day.<\/h4>\n

Meanwhile, here in the U.S. we have two basic types of social wasps: paper wasps (Polistes<\/em> spp.) and yellowjackets (Vespula<\/em> spp. and Dolichovespula<\/em> spp.).<\/h4>\n

but the introduced European hornet (Vespa crabro<\/em>), and more recently the Asian giant (aka murder hornet, Vespa mandarinia<\/em>) are the only true members of that Family found in North America.<\/h4>\n

With a few exceptions, wasps have two pairs of wings and can be distinguished from bees by that narrow waist (aka petiole<\/em>) between the thorax and abdomen. The ovipositor <\/em>(an organ used to prepare and position eggs) of a fertile queen becomes the stinger of an infertile worker females; males are not capable of stinging. Unlike honey bees (Apis<\/em> spp.), wasps do not leave their stinger behind and are able to deliver multiple injections of venom.<\/h4>\n

Adult wasps feed on nectar and, as a result, can be classified as pollinators. Some social wasps are omnivorous, feeding on fallen fruit as well as carrion; yellowjackets are especially attracted to open garbage cans and dumpsters, drawn perhaps to the sweet, sticky spillage from nearly empty soda cans and bottles as well as other types of decaying leftovers.<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Wasps come in a rainbow of colors, including vivid yellows, metallic blues, and bright reds (keep this helpful rule of thumb in mind when interacting with insects\u2014flamboyant wardrobes usually serve as a \u201cdon\u2019t touch!\u201d warning, backed up with some kind of poison or venom). Because they often share a brown or black and yellow color scheme, paper wasps are often misidentified as yellowjackets. I don\u2019t want to encourage you to get up close and personal to make the identification and, luckily, there\u2019s no need. The easiest way to tell them apart is by their nests.<\/h4>\n

Paper wasps and yellowjackets will nest in trees, under building eaves, in walls, and just about any other place that offers some protection from the elements. Both types of wasp use chewed wood fibers as the main construction material, even when building underground, as yellowjackets often do.<\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Paper wasp combs attach with a single filament and consist of one tier of adjacent papery hexagonal brood cells for developing larvae. Each cell is open on one end\u00a0 so you can actually see the contents, if you choose (but please keep a safe distance. Better yet, just look closely at the opening photo above). Typically, a mature nest contains 20-30 adults and rarely grows to more than 200 cells. Paper wasps usually attack only when they or the nest is threatened, but they are territorial. As an interesting aside, the northern paper wasp (Polistes fuscatus<\/em>) has extremely variable facial patterns and recent research suggests their facial recognition abilities are similar to those of humans and chimpanzees (Pan<\/em> spp.). Obviously, individuality affords some benefit, even among drones\u2014so much for faceless anonymity (although it does seem to be a popular feature of digital social networks).<\/h4>\n

\"\"Yellowjackets prefer to raise their young in a kind of fortress that looks more like what we would think of as a hive, with layers and layers of brood cell combs. The whole structure is completely enclosed with the exception of a single entrance hole. Queens establish new colonies each spring, often returning to the site of a previous nest (the location is identified by a chemical scent marker recognizable even to a first-year queen). However, if the structure is particularly well-protected from the weather\u2014in the wall of a house, say\u2014it may become a perennial nest, populated year-round. Yellowjacket hives may range in size from several inches (at the beginning of the colony\u2019s history) to enormous structures measuring six feet or more and housing as many as 20,000 adult workers.<\/h4>\n

Wasp control is dangerous, especially for people who have heart conditions or known allergies to the venom, so it\u2019s important to know what you\u2019re dealing with before you take action. There\u2019s a huge difference between avoiding 20 winged assailants and outrunning 20,000. \u00a0Moreover, yellowjackets tend to be more aggressive\u2014they don\u2019t give up the pursuit as quickly. [For more information on how to safely manage wasps, download a fact sheet<\/a> <\/span>courtesy Drs. Mike Merchant and Glen Moore of my alma mater, Texas A&M. Whoop!]<\/h4>\n

Don\u2019t be too quick to declare war on wasps, though. In addition to their important role in plant pollination, nearly every pest insect species has at least one wasp species that preys or parasitizes it, making wasps a critically important natural biocontrol that benefit agricultural and even home gardeners. If that\u2019s not enough to convince you to live and let live with wasps, when possible, image your life without social media!<\/h4>\n

I\u2019m serious\u2014next time you see some wasps congregating around your front porch, take a moment to say thanks\u2026 just before you blast the nest with with the hose, knock it down with a broom handle, and then grind it into the sidewalk with your shoe to be sure there are no survivors (don\u2019t act all innocent with me\u2014I can see that can of Hot Shot\u00ae behind your back).<\/h4>\n

When you\u2019re finished, don\u2019t forget to post about it on Facebook!<\/h4>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

*NOTE:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 As new discoveries are made, scientists continually discuss, argue, and refine our understanding of the evolutionary history of life on Earth. \u00a0I realize this timeline is simplistic but it is based on currently available research. <\/em>If you have a nit to pick about my portrayal of the fossil record and its accuracy, please keep this in mind and cut me a little slack, okay? You’ll earn some good karma points that may come in handy next time to run into an angry wasp!<\/em><\/h4>\n

\u00a9 2012 Next-Door Nature. Reprints welcomed with written permission from the author. Thanks to the following photographers who made their work available through the Creative Commons license <\/em>[starting from the top]:\u00a0 roadsidepictures<\/a><\/span> (paper wasp on nest); Malcolm Tattersall<\/span><\/a> (mud dauber); Richard Bartz<\/span><\/a> (yellowjacket on leaf);\u00a0Bob Peterson<\/a><\/span> (paper wasp nest in situ); and Jason Hollinger<\/a><\/span> (yellowjacket nest).<\/h4>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

BY\u00a0KIERAN LINDSEY, PhD Mark Zuckerberg would not be one of 100 wealthiest and most influential people in the world without the help of wasps. I mean the six-legged kind (whether […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":10030,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"

BY KIERAN LINDSEY, PhD<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, we\u2019re twenty years into the Information Age so I\u2019m pretty sure everyone in this courtroom knows that, to quote a famous New Yorker <\/em>cartoon, \u201cOn the Internet, nobody knows you\u2019re a dog.\u201d The anonymity baked into the the interwebs means we\u2019re all free to be whatever, or whomever, we want to virtually be\u2026 even if we want to be someone else.<\/h4>\n

Identity theft may seem like a new and viral meme, but I assure you, creating a counterfeit profile is a prehistoric trope. It\u2019s older than Dick Whitman snagging Don Draper\u2019s dog tag in Mad Men (2007).  Older than Mrs. Doubtfire\u2019s dad-turned-nanny (1993). Older than the King of Ruritania\u2019s body-double in The Prisoner of Zenda (1894). Older, even, than the sibling-switch of Esau and Jacob in the Book of Genesis (6th century BC).<\/h4>\n

No, we need to travel even further back in time\u2014way, way back\u2014to the Pennsylvanian epoch over 300 million years ago, and what must surely be the first, the most diabolically devious, the most indelible stolen guise in the entire history of Planet Earth.<\/h4>\n

I intend to demonstrate, beyond any doubt (reasonable or otherwise), that the defendant\u2014Armadillidium vulgare<\/em>, aka \u201cpillbug\u201d\u2014is an imposter!<\/h4>\n
\"\"You already know he\u2019s a shape-shifter. Thanks to a body composed of overlapping plates he\u2019s a skilled conglobator\u2014transforming at a moment\u2019s notice from a scurrying, nearly two-dimensional, thumbnail-sized oval into an almost perfectly symmetrical 3D sphere. This is no parlor game, folks.  Crumpling to the size of a baby aspirin is a prescription for prevention of detection by those who would expose his true nature. (It also limits dehydration, but I digress).<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Don\u2019t be fooled by this roly-poly fellow\u2019s non-threatening demeanor and diminutive stature. His rap sheet is a phone directory\u2019s worth of aliases: pillbug, wood bug, pea bug, potato bug, and doodlebug, to name only a few\u2026 but he is NOT a bug.<\/div>\n

That\u2019s right, this armored charlatan may claim to be kin to bedbugs, ladybugs, mealybugs, spittle bugs, stinkbugs, and other insects whose identities he has appropriated, but take a closer look and even without a DNA analysis the evidence is indisputable.<\/h4>\n

Exhibit #1:<\/strong>  Insects have a single pair of antennae. If the defendant would untuck enough to show his face to members of the jury, you would see that he has not one, but TWO pair of antennae.<\/h4>\n

Exhibit #2:<\/strong>  Insects have 3 pairs of jointed legs, clustered on the thorax. The defendant has 7 pairs of jointed legs\u2014one pair for each of the 7 segments that constitute his torso. But don\u2019t take my word for it\u2014count them yourselves.<\/h4>\n

\"\"Exhibit #3:<\/strong> As adults, insects breathe using a system of apertures and tubes called spiracles and tracheae, respectively. The defendant\u2014who, while not aquatic is clearly in some legal hot water here\u2014breathes using gill-like structures.<\/h4>\n

Exhibit #4: <\/strong> True bugs have piercing and sucking mouth-parts that place them in an insect league of their own. The defendant has no such anatomical features.  Just look\u2014he\u2019s not even able to use a straw!<\/h4>\n

Exhibit  #5:<\/strong>  Speaking of drinking\u2026 insect have a waxy, water-resistant epicuticle that deters desiccation. The defendant does not, which leads me to wonder if his repeated requests for a glass of water are due to the dry air in this courtroom, or a case of nerves born of a guilty conscience?<\/h4>\n

Exhibit #6:<\/strong> No courtroom drama would be complete without a reference to sex so let\u2019s talk about reproduction. Insects employ a diverse set of parenting strategies, including: oviparity<\/em> (eggs are deposited and develop outside the female\u2019s body); ovoviparity<\/em> (eggs develop inside the female\u2019s body and hatch immediately after being laid); and even viviparity<\/em> (young gestate inside the female and are born, not hatched). But the one strategy insects do NOT use is the marsupium<\/em>. That\u2019s right, a pouch tucked under the thorax in which newly hatched young develop until they are old enough to venture out into the world on their own\u2026 a pouch just like the one you would find on the defendant\u2019s own mother!<\/h4>\n

Members of the jury, the facts speak for themselves. The phony before you is not a bug. He has far more in common with a shrimp, a crab, or a lobster than any insect. Literally. Because this common pillbug is, in reality\u2026<\/h4>\n

\u2026a terrestrial CRUSTACEAN!!<\/em><\/h4>\n

[Audible gasps from the courtroom audience]<\/em><\/h4>\n

Your Honor, the prosecution rests.<\/h4>\n
\"\"<\/div>\n\n
\n\n

\u00a9 2010 <\/em>Next-Door Nature. Thanks to the photographers who granted permission to use their photos, and to those who made their work available through the Creative Commons license: Alan Howell<\/a><\/span>, Andy Purviance<\/a><\/span>, Brian Gratwicke<\/a><\/span>, and Dany Sternfeld<\/a><\/span>.<\/em><\/h4>","_et_gb_content_width":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":0,"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[428,16],"tags":[59,18,27,520,41,43,9,521,12,522,523,524,525,32,526,527,14,528,529,530,17,531],"class_list":["post-10028","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-invertebrates","category-wildlife","tag-animal-behavior","tag-backyard-wildlife","tag-breeding-behavior","tag-facebook","tag-hidden-nature","tag-hidden-wildlife","tag-lafayette-park","tag-mark-zuckerberg","tag-nature","tag-paper-wasp","tag-polistes-spp","tag-social-insects","tag-social-networking","tag-suburban-wildlife","tag-texas-am-entomology-department","tag-urban-entomology","tag-urban-wildlife","tag-vespula-spp","tag-wasp","tag-wasps","tag-wildlife","tag-yellowjacket"],"yoast_head":"\nSOCIAL NETWORK - Lafayette Park Conservancy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lafayettepark.org\/staging_5\/social-network\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SOCIAL NETWORK - Lafayette Park Conservancy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BY\u00a0KIERAN LINDSEY, PhD Mark Zuckerberg would not be one of 100 wealthiest and most influential people in the world without the help of wasps. 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